Quantum Technology

What's behind the race to crack quantum and why is it so hard to achieve?

Quantum technology is a technology field that harnesses properties of quantum mechanics at the microscopic level of individual particles and individual quantum states of matter. While familiar technologies such as lasers, semiconductors and superconductors also behave as they do because of quantum effects, they harness collective quantum behaviour in many-particle macroscopic materials but not at the microscopic level of individual particles.

The logic of quantum mechanics rules supreme in these circumstances, and that logic makes possible what is impossible with non-quantum (‘classical’) technology. Anticipated as the next great leap in human technology, quantum computing promises to revolutionise the technological landscape from materials, chemistry and precision medicine to artificial intelligence and cryptography.

Classical to quantum: a marriage?

Although commonly used, the term ‘quantum computer’ could be considered a little misleading. To some it suggests that quantum computers are to supplant classical computers. However, rather than being a replacement for classical computers, the role of a quantum computer is likely to be as an extension to classical computing systems. Without doubt, classical computers are good at performing many tasks, whereas quantum processors will be important for solving computational problems impossible with classical processors. It seems more likely that a sensible approach would be not to have a quantum processor perform all computations required of a computer but, rather, to place the quantum processor as a co-processor alongside a classical processor. This co-processor model already exists in computing in the form of, for example, the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). In this sense, the future role of the quantum processor may well be as a Quantum Processor Unit (QPU) within a classical computer structure.

Architectures and control software designed to manage the interface between a classical computer and its QPU seem likely to be a fertile ground for future innovation and commercialisation.

Read our Quantum Computing Blogs

Quantum Navigation: Revolutionising Maritime and Autonomous Vessel Technology

Quantum Navigation: Revolutionising Maritime and Autonomous Vessel Technology

by Joshua Tall

For thousands of years people have looked to the sky to navigate their way around the Earth. In the middle of the ocean, with no land in sight, explorers, traders and invaders had only the stars and ...

A new horizon for quantum research in the UK or merely a shiny rebrand for an incoming government?

A new horizon for quantum research in the UK or merely a shiny rebrand for an incoming government?

by Amelia Sloan

The levels of investment in quantum technologies are changing rapidly all the time. In 2022, venture capital investments in quantum startups was more than $2.2 billion, dropping to just $1.2 billion ...

Phasecraft: the pioneer in quantum software

Phasecraft: the pioneer in quantum software

by Andrew Fearnside

The Bristol and London company, which has recently opened an office in Washington DC, is a world leader in software for quantum processors. Its mission is to prove the power of quantum chips.

Quantum Technology in Denmark

Quantum Technology in Denmark

by Joshua Tall

Mewburn Ellis is excited to announce that we now have a part-time office at The BioInnovation Institute Foundation (BII) in Copenhagen, Denmark. The BII is a start-up incubator funded by the Novo ...

Inside Silicon Quantum Computing: an interview with Komal Pahwa

Inside Silicon Quantum Computing: an interview with Komal Pahwa

by Andrew Fearnside

Senior IP counsel Komal Pahwa reveals how Australia's star quantum startup is building a silicon phosphorus processor, and how she protects its remarkable IP.

The world beyond quantum computing

The world beyond quantum computing

by Andrew Fearnside

Infleqtion is developing the next generation of quantum tools, including clocks, gravimeters and motion sensors so precise they can replace GPS.

Learn More

Qubits: not all are made equal

Quantum computers are no longer confined to theoretical musings, they are now a reality. By harnessing uniquely quantum properties such as ‘superposition’ and ‘entanglement’ of quantum states to perform computations, scientists and engineers have developed prototype processor devices able to perform quantum computations. While classical computer processors perform computations on bits based on a network of classical logic gates, NAND gates in particular, quantum processors describe the computation in terms of a network of quantum logic gates that are able to form a superposition of quantum bits (‘qubits’) and entangle them in ways impossible with classical bits.

Each qubit is embodied in the form of a selected quantum state of matter (‘physical qubit’). In principle, a physical qubit could take the form of any two-level quantum system. However, not all physical qubits are made equal. Leading candidates for physical qubits are those that lend themselves to highly accurate manufacturing producibility at scale and yet have the ability to be isolated and controlled precisely.

Commercial activity has focussed on: atomic qubits; trapped ion qubits; photon qubits; superconducting circuit qubits; semiconductor-based qubits. Each has its merits, and its drawbacks. Atoms, ions and photons are, of course, perfectly reproducible in being particles ‘manufactured’ by nature in identical form, but can prove difficult to isolate (e.g., ions are charged) or difficult to control (e.g., photons never stand still) at scale. Superconducting circuits and semiconductor-based qubits may be have the potential for manufacturing at scale, but are more susceptible to manufacturing errors and isolation difficulties.

Prototype quantum processors based on each of these physical qubit types are making significant progress. A blended approach to qubit implementation in a quantum computer, in which different physical qubit types are employed for different functions could be the direction of future development: e.g. one physical qubit type for the core processor, and another physical qubit type for the RAM quantum memory.

Error correction: fragility of qubits and safety in numbers

While still at the prototype stage, quantum processor units have grown ten-fold in size in as many years to close to 100 qubits at the start of the decade. The generally accepted goal is to achieve a quantum processor with around one million physical qubits in order to have sufficient qubit resource to manage the extreme fragility of the quantum states of matter that hold the qubits. Quantum fragility rapidly leads to large faults in calculations if not correctly managed. It is essential to maintain fragile quantum states for long enough, and reliably enough, to perform and complete complex calculations. Current approaches to solving this problem envisage combining and controlling large groups of physical qubits to work collectively and supportively as one ‘effective’ qubit, known as a ‘logical qubit’, that is far more robust and less fragile than one single physical qubit could be. Each logical qubit will then perform reliably and repeatably to implement the quantum logic operation it was designed to perform: it is said to be ‘fault tolerant’.

The holy grail of quantum computing is to achieve a quantum processor possessing around 100 fault-tolerant qubits. Current estimates suggest that one fault-tolerant logical qubit may require 10,000 physical qubits to generate it, thereby requiring one million physical qubits in all to reach this target. By using the quantum properties of superposition and entanglement, a quantum processor of this size should be able to access up to 2100 ~1030 quantum states. By comparison, a classical computer able to store 1030 bits would be impossible to manufacture – there appears to be insufficient matter in the universe to build it!

Fault tolerant quantum processors could support the most powerful quantum algorithms, targeting solutions to currently intractable problems in fields as diverse as chemistry, medicine and artificial intelligence. The challenge at present lies in devising error correction algorithms for achieving the best logical qubits. The precise nature of the combination and control of physical qubits depends sensitively on the nature of the physical qubits themselves within a quantum processor core.

Error correction algorithms designed to squeeze the most performance out of a precious and limited qubit resource, seem likely to be a driving force in future innovation and commercialisation.

Open pages of Green IP Report

Green IP Report

Patents are both a driver and a barometer of innovation

Our report examines the role of patents in making innovative ‘green’ technologies into a reality as well as how the patent landscape can be used to identify opportunities for partnering, collaboration and investment.

We share our enthusiasm and admiration for commercially-focused innovation across a diverse range of technologies, from repurposing carbon dioxide to make protein-rich foods, to the multi-faceted approach to a circular plastics economy. We also discuss the tantalising prospect of AI-mediated renewable energy supply, and the harnessing of battery tech from the EV boom to drive energy efficiency in consumer devices. This report reflects our passion for technology solutions that tackle our shared global challenge. 

Download the Report

Forward-looking from classical to quantum

From the perspective of future innovation and commercialisation, opportunities seem likely to be strong in the sectors of quantum software development for error correction and for managing the interface between a quantum core and the classical computer systems in which they are likely to reside. Hardware and firmware to support the interface may also see significant growth.

However, when seen as an enabling technology, quantum computing has the potential to address many of the Big Issues facing the globe today. A key application for quantum computers is in chemical simulation. Discovery may be done via a quantum mechanical simulation to understand the stability of different molecular systems.

Theoretical physicist Paul Dirac, a founding father of quantum theory, noted in 1929 that the underlying physical laws for understanding of all of chemistry were known at that time, but, he lamented: “the difficulty is only that the exact application of these laws leads to equations much too complicated to be soluble.”

Quantum computing may just be the solution to overcome this obstacle. Example simulations include: new drugs and medicines, carbon sequestration materials to lock away carbon safely, high-temperature superconductors and new materials for solar cells or for extending battery life.

Advances in technologies such as these promise to improve quality of life and enable sustainable use of limited global resources.

Forward Magazines Overlapping 8

Mewburn Ellis

FORWARD MAGAZINE

Mewburn Ellis Forward is a biannual publication that celebrates the best of innovation and exploration. Through its pages we hope to inform and entertain, but also to encourage discussion about the most compelling developments taking place in the scientific and entrepreneurial world. Along the way, we’ll engage with the IP challenges that international organisations face every day.